The multifactor theory holds that the performance on a certain test depends on one or more common factors, each weighted according to its significance for success in the task. Geometrically, the multiple factor model is a set of dimensions or vectors extending from the same origin, each vector representing a common factor.
A factor loading is also the correlation between a test an empirical variable and the factor a purely ideal variable. In short, he applied the centroid method of factorization and oblique rotation of correlations among many different cognitive measures.
Thurstone deduced seven primary abilities. His deduction was based on an analysis of Aptitude Research Project experiences. British psychologists like Cyril Burt and Vernon gave an alternative scheme for the organisation of factors. At the next level he places two broad group factors, corresponding to verbal-educational v: ed and practical-mechanical k: m. These major factors may be further sub-divided. The verbal educational factor may be sub-divided into verbal and numerical sub-factors, and the practical mechanical factor into mechanical information, spatial, and psychomotor ability.
At the lowest level of the hierarchy are the special factors. According to R. Cattell, general intelligence is composed of two factors— fluid intelligence G and crystallized intelligence Gc. In addition to questions of exactly how to define intelligence, the debate continues today about whether accurate measurements are even possible.
At various points throughout recent history, researchers have proposed some different definitions of intelligence. While these definitions can vary considerably from one theorist to the next, current conceptualizations tend to suggest that intelligence is the ability to:.
Intelligence involves some different mental abilities including logic, reasoning, problem-solving , and planning. While the subject of intelligence is one of the largest and most heavily researched, it is also one of the topics that generate the greatest controversy.
While psychologists often disagree about the definition and causes of intelligence, research on intelligence plays a significant role in many areas. These areas include decisions regarding how much funding should be given to educational programs, the use of testing to screen job applicants, and the use of testing to identify children who need additional academic help.
The term "intelligence quotient," or IQ, was first coined in the early 20th century by a German psychologist named William Stern. Psychologist Alfred Binet developed the very first intelligence tests to help the French government identify schoolchildren who needed extra academic assistance.
Binet was the first to introduce the concept of mental age or a set of abilities that children of a certain age possess. Since that time, intelligence testing has emerged as a widely used tool that has led to developing many other tests of skill and aptitude. However, it continues to spur debate and controversy over the use of such testing, cultural biases that may be involved, influences on intelligence, and even the very way we define intelligence. Different researchers have proposed a variety of theories to explain the nature of intelligence.
Here are some of the major theories of intelligence that have emerged during the last years. British psychologist Charles Spearman — described a concept he referred to as general intelligence or the g factor.
After using a technique known as factor analysis to examine some mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar.
People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically expressed. Psychologist Louis L.
Thurstone — offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different primary mental abilities.
One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardner 's theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner proposed that the traditional idea of intelligence, based on IQ testing, did not fully and accurately depict a person's abilities. Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection, and shaping of real-world environments relevant to one's life.
While he agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader than a single, general ability, he suggested that some of Gardner's types of intelligence are better viewed as individual talents. In order to gain a deeper understanding of intelligence and the tests developed to measure this concept , it's important to understand the history of intelligence testing, the research that has been conducted, and the findings that have emerged.
Major questions about intelligence and IQ testing still include:. To explore these questions, psychologists have conducted a considerable amount of research on the nature, influences, and effects of intelligence.
People with higher general intelligence learn faster. The Stanford-Binet is a measure of general intelligence made up of a wide variety of tasks including vocabulary, memory for pictures, naming of familiar objects, repeating sentences, and following commands.
Although the different types of questions do correlate with each other, some items correlate more highly with each other than do other items; they form clusters or clumps of intelligences. Triarchic Theory: One advocate of the idea of multiple intelligences is the psychologist Robert Sternberg.
Sternberg has proposed a Triarchic three-part Theory of Intelligence that proposes that people may display more or less analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence. Ericsson , Weisberg , Hennessey and Amabile and Simonton studied creative people and identified at least five components that are likely to be important for creativity as listed in Table 5. Table 5. Creative people have studied and learned about a topic. Imaginative Thinking.
Creative people view problems in new and different ways. Creative people take on new, but potentially risky approaches. Creative people take on projects for interest not money. The most creative people are supported, aided, and challenged by other people working on similar projects. The last aspect of the triarchic model, practical intelligence, refers primarily to intelligence that cannot be gained from books or formal learning. Practical intelligence may include, at least in part, certain abilities that help people perform well at specific jobs, and these abilities may not always be highly correlated with general intelligence Sternberg et al.
Theory of Multiple Intelligences: Another champion of the idea of specific types of intelligences rather than one overall intelligence is the psychologist Howard Gardner , Gardner argued that it would be evolutionarily functional for different people to have different talents and skills, and proposed that there are eight intelligences that can be differentiated from each other. A potential ninth intelligence; that is, existential still needs empirical support.
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