Soon after the killing, Takakuni eliminated Sumiyuki, after which factions supporting Takakuni clashed with those who favored Sumimoto. Takakuni joined with Yoshioki in support of Yoshitada, whereupon Sumimoto sided with Yoshizumi in opposition to them. As noted above, political control transferred from the Ashikaga to the Hosokawa, followed by the Miyoshi clan.
Miyoshi Nagayoshi leveraged a powerful army to take control of the capital and its environs and expel the Ashikaga clan. The Miyoshi administration, however, failed to gain legitimacy among the populace, inviting resistance from local families of influence. Following the death of Nagayoshi, the Miyoshi were led by Miyoshi Yoshitsugu.
In response to this threat to their authority, the Miyoshi had Yoshiteru killed in an act known as the Eiroku Incident Eiroku no hen. After the advent of Oda Nobunaga. After the Battle of Okehazama, Tokugawa Ieyasu left the protection of the Imagawa and recovered Mikawa Province, a former territory of the Matsudaira clan. Attacks by the powerful Oda army caused the coalition to collapse and Yoshiaki was driven out of the capital. Remants of the bakufu gathered in the town of Tomo in Bingo Province.
The Ishiyama-Hongan Temple fought incessantly against Nobunaga for over a decade. Nevertheless, the Oda defeated the opposition parties one after another, and, by , had consolidated control of central Japan. Within weeks after the death of Nobunaga, Hashiba Hideyoshi later known as Toyotomi Hideyoshi led a rapid march of forces from the western provinces to defeat Mitsuhide at the Battle of Yamazaki on the border of Settsu and Yamashiro provinces.
The following year, Hideyoshi then prevailed against Shibata Katsuie at the Battle of Shizugatake to claim the role as the most powerful warlord in the country. As disputes arose in regard to the battlefront, Hideyoshi appeased Nobukatsu and the enemy forces withdrew.
Ieyasu submitted to Hideyoshi and then played an important role in the Toyotomi administration. Hideyoshi received the surname of Toyotomi and awarded the title of kanpaku , or Chief Advisor to the Emperor, giving further legitimacy to his administration. Hideyoshi ordered a country-wide land survey, unified the currency, prohibited the possession of swords by persons other than bushi , and issued a law prohibiting persons who served military families from fleeing to join other families, or for peasants to leave their occupations and engage in commerce.
After the demise of Hideyoshi, senior leaders in the Toyotomi administration vied for control. Hideyori had the bell inscribed in a manner interpreted by Ieyasu as a curse on the Tokugawa and as good fortune for the Toyotomi.
Retainers comprised of local lords and servants served as their primary base of political and military support, and interdepedent relationships with these classes were essential to maintain their grip on power. Regional circumstances during the Sengoku period. In terms of warfare, beginning in the first half of the fifteenth century, the Nanbu clan made expeditions to Senboku and Kazuno, engaging in battle into the Eiroku era — In one case, the eldest son of Date Harumune the fifteenth head of the Date clan succeeded Iwaki Shigetaka, his maternal grandfather.
The succession to Masamune was carried out in circumstances where the influence of the Satake clan extended north to the domain of the Date. The Edo bakufu then oversaw a period of relative peace for over fifteen generations until the Meiji Restoration in The Satake clan experienced temporary setbacks after their defeat at the Battle of Takebayashi in and the Battle of Nawazuri in In , a branch of the Nasu clan aligned with the Muromachi bakufu collapsed from internal discord.
Thereafter, the unified Nasu clan fought incessantly against the Utsunomiya and Satake clans. Following the demise of Shigetsuna, the Utsunomiya clan of Shimotsuke gradually lost its cohesiveness, and during the Daiei era to , an internal conflict arose. Despite multiple internal rebellions, the Satake steadily reconstituted the clan and restored their power under Satake Yoshiaki.
In , Yoshiaki successfully combined with Haga Takasada in a bid to recapture Utsunomiya Castle which had earlier been taken by Mibu Tsunafusa and Mibu Tsunatake father and son. Afterwards, he had his daughter, Nanryoin, wed to Utsunomiya Hirotsuna the twenty-first head of the Utsunomiya clan in a political marriage.
Meanwhile, the Sano, the Minagawa, and the Yokose clans deftly switched allegiances to survive the tumult. As further evidence of the dire situation, Utsunomiya Kunitsuna transferred his base from Utsunomiya Castle to the well-fortified Tage Castle. After the conflict, Hideyoshi recognized their right to land ownership in the Utsunomiya Pacification Utsunomiya shioki in the summer of The Utsunomiya clan was swept-up in internal conflicts between Asano Nagamasa, Ishida Mitsunari and others within the Toyotomi administration, and, based on charges of falsifying rice yields, was demoted in The Satake clan appeared to be next in line for expulsion, but were spared through the offices of Ishida Mitsunari.
The military governors in Kai and Shinano provinces were in a weakened state, while local clans of influence vied for control. Owing to a rebellion by his eldest son, Takeda Harunobu known as Shingen and senior retainers, Nobutora was compelled to seek refuge in Suruga Province in The Ogasawara and Murakami were expelled while Shinano fell under Takeda control.
Shingen became the military governor of Shinano and battled repeatedly for over ten years against the Nagao the Uesugi clan of Echigo Province who protected influential families in northern Shinano in a protracted conflict known as the Battle of Kawanakajima. Thereafter, the Takeda broke the three-way alliance and, after the defeat of Imagawa Yoshimoto at the Battle of Okehazama, invaded the Imagawa territory in Suruga, later confronting the powerful Oda of Owari Province and the Tokugawa of Mikawa Province.
The invading army, however, was forced to retreat after the sudden death by illness of Shingen during an assault against Noda Castle. A major loss by the Takeda rattled their domain, and, in , Kiso Yoshimasa, landowner of the Kiso Valley, betrayed the Takeda in favor of Oda Nobunaga. An army dispatched by Katsuyori to challenge the Kiso was forced to retreat in defeat.
Unable to mount a successful defense, Takeda Katsuyori and his son, Takeda Nobukatsu, were chased away by an army led by Oda Nobutada.
Following the demise of the Takeda clan, Oda Nobunaga assigned one of his senior commanders, Takigawa Kazumasu, to govern Kai and Shinano. In the wake of the conflict, the Tokugawa took control of Kai and Shinano while the Uesugi occupied northern Shinano. The Hokuriku Region. In Echigo, the Nagao clan rose from their position of deputy military governors to usurp the authority of the Uesugi.
In , the Hatakeyama surrendered to the Uesugi of Echigo and were vanquished as a clan. Asakura Yoshikage, the head of the clan, killed himself and the Asakura were extinguished. Owari Province became the home base of the Shiba clan after their alienation from the Asakura of Echizen. In , Shiba Yoshimune committed suicide after being embroiled in power struggles among the Oda, ending the tenure of the Shiba as military governors. Thereafter, the Oda ruled Owari.
While serving as deputy military governors, the Oda clan was divided between two branches. Oda Nobunaga came from the branch of a commoner family lineage with the status of a district official. After a prolonged power struggle between the two branches, Nobunaga ultimately prevailed and became the lord of Owari. Together, Nobunaga and Motoyasu turned their focus to attacks on Mino. Yoshimoto reinforced efforts to expand to the west, extending his influence into a portion of Owari.
In , Yoshimoto died in an attack by Oda Nobunaga at the Battle of Okehazama, and although he was succeeded by Imagawa Ujizane, the clan weakened and was vanquished in the Suruga Invasion by the Tokugawa and the Takeda. In the era of Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, the Matsudaira of Mikawa embarked on expanding their domain, however, in , Kiyoyasu was slayed by one of his retainers during a deployment in an incident known as the Collapse at Moriyama Moriyama kuzure , causing a sudden change in circumstances.
Without the support of the Imagawa clan of Suruga, the Matsudaira faltered. Matsudaira Motoyasu later known as Tokugawa Ieyasu had been transferred to the Imagawa as a hostage in his youth, and after his coming-of-age, participated in the vanguard of Imagawa forces at the onset of the Battle of Okehazama. After the battle, he took advantage of the instability within the Imagawa domain and, in , pacified Mikawa, changed his name to Tokugawa Ieyasu, became independent of the Imagawa, and forged an alliance with the Oda.
Based on a secret understanding with the Takeda, both clans encroached on the Imagawa territory in Suruga from the east and west. In the Invasion of Suruga, the Imagawa collapsed in Thereafter, a westward advance launched by Takeda Shingen resulted in the occupation of portions of the Tokugawa territory in Mikawa. In , at the Battle of Mikata-ga-hara, allied forces of the Tokugawa and Oda suffered a major defeat.
Ieyasu confronted a precarious situation with the loss of Mikawa, but the death by illness of Takeda Shingen abruptly ended the westward advance and their lives were spared. The Kinai Region. Local lords in Yamashiro Province formed bands of resistance that further enflamed the conflict. Thereafter, battles persisted between the Azai and the Rokkaku.
Share Flipboard Email. Kallie Szczepanski. History Expert. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U. Updated September 19, Featured Video. Cite this Article Format. Szczepanski, Kallie. The Sengoku Period in Japanese History. The Shoguns: Japan's Military Leaders. Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan. Periods and Dynasties of Ancient China. Military History Timeline From to Your Privacy Rights.
They gradually destroyed weaker opponents, and each other, on a grinding journey toward unification. The last years of the 16th century saw more sporadic warfare, but on an increasingly large scale as three strong men gradually reunited the country under a feudal system of government, society and economy: Oda Nobunaga, then Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and finally Tokugawa Ieyasu. Although a period of war and destruction, the late part of the Warring States period also saw a considerable cultural flowering under the influence of Zen Buddhism and the patronage of the important daimyo.
Economic growth also occurred despite the widespread warfare because the feudal lords discovered they had to encourage strong economies which could support their large armies.
Agriculture was expanded through land reclamation and large irrigation projects while new mining ventures were undertaken. Cotton and jute were encouraged and commerce began to flourish along major highways such as the Nakasendo. Stores and shops proliferated in large and small towns alike, especially along the highways.
Large cities devoted specifically to commerce emerged, such as Sakai which is now part of Osaka. The castles of the great lords developed into castle towns in which industry and commerce flourished with the encouragement of the daimyo. Thousands of high quality Japanese swords were exported to China which was in turmoil as the Manchus battled the Ming dynasty for control.
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