It flew within 4, kilometers 2, miles of Venus and took the first ultraviolet images of the planet. The final stage of the rocket carrying the spacecraft into orbit failed and it was unable to achieve the necessary trajectory to carry it on to Venus. Upon Venus arrival Venera 8 used aerobraking to decelerate, and then deployed a parachute. A refrigeration unit cooled the spacecraft's components, protecting them from the intense heat as the lander descended to the surface.
Once on the ground, the spacecraft transmitted data for 50 minutes, confirming a very high surface temperature and crushing atmospheric pressure. When Venera 7 arrived it deployed a parachute and began its descent to the surface.
Scheduled to take 60 minutes to descend, the probe touched down in only 35 minutes, possibly because its parachute may have been damaged by high winds. The spacecraft then transmitted a weak signal for 23 minutes, becoming the first spacecraft to return data from the surface of another planet. Twin to Venera 5, Venera 6 arrived just a day after its sister ship.
Once at Venus, the spacecraft deployed a parachute and descended through the atmosphere. Scientists on Earth received 51 minutes of data as the probe descended 38 kilometers almost 24 miles. The spacecraft was damaged the crushing pressure before it reached the surface. Mariner 5 flew within 4, kilometers 2, miles of the Venusian cloud tops. When Venera 4 arrived at Venus it dropped several instruments, including a thermometer and a barometer, into the atmosphere.
It received data back from these probes before it deployed a parachute and descended into the atmosphere itself. Preliminary readings seemed to indicate that the probe had taken measurements all the way down to the surface, but later analysis suggested that the crushing atmosphere damaged the spacecraft at an altitude of almost 25 kilometers. Venera 3 was the first spacecraft to land on impact another planet, but no data was returned.
Vega 2 successfully did the identical thing — a flyby, combined with releasing a balloon and a descent craft — four days later. All of these various mission pieces transmitted at least some data after flying by or arriving at Venus, providing a look at the planet from many different angles at the same time. The flyby spacecraft also imaged Halley's Comet successfully. Magellan mapped the surface of Venus using synthetic aperture radar to better understand the topography of the planet.
Data from the planet helped with scientific investigations into the planet's interior , and studying plate tectonics, impact craters and erosion on the surface. Scientists used the brief opportunity to gather more data about the environment and atmosphere on Venus, although the main objective of the flyby was to get through it safely to bring the spacecraft to Jupiter.
The spacecraft also went by Earth and Jupiter on the way there. The Venus flybys took place on April 26, and June 24, , and most of the science instruments were turned on to examine Venus and make practice observations for Saturn. Cassini arrived safely at Saturn in for many years of orbital observation of the planet and moons. It also released a small probe called Huygens that made a landing on Saturn's moon Titan. The Venus flybys took place on Oct. The overall goal of the mission was to study the atmosphere and plasma of Venus from orbit starting in , although the spacecraft made a series of planned dramatic descents closer to the planet before making a deliberate suicide plunge into the atmosphere in The mission had many investigations, some of which included looking at the greenhouse effect on Venus, how the atmosphere reacts to the solar wind, and properties of the Venusian magnetic field.
Akatsuki is the first Japanese orbiter at Venus. It attempted to enter orbit on Dec. This time, the spacecraft successfully entered orbit, and it has been transmitting data about the atmosphere and Venusian clouds ever since. Venus is being used to better position the spacecraft for solar flybys and to edge the spacecraft closely yet safely to our planet's nearest star. Parker Solar Probe launched in and Solar Orbiter in Two flybys of Venus are planned on Oct.
BepiColombo also flew by Earth on April 10, Follow Elizabeth Howell on Twitter howellspace. Follow us on Twitter Spacedotcom and on Facebook. Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community space. Elizabeth Howell is a contributing writer for Space. She is the author or co-author of several books on space exploration.
Elizabeth holds a Ph. Laura A. Whitlock Curator: J. Privacy Policy and Important Notices. Return to the StarChild Main Page. Go to Imagine the Universe!
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