The magnets. What are the characteristics of an accelerator? What is luminosity? Why 13 TeV? What type of accelerators are at CERN? CERN's accelerators. Current accelerators. PS Booster. Super Proton Synchrotron. Proton Synchrotron. Antiproton Decelerator. Future accelerators Imagining, developing and building an accelerator takes several decades. High-Luminosity LHC. Future Circular Collider. Compact Linear Collider.
Past accelerators Many accelerators developed several decades ago are still in operation. Large Electron-Positron Collider. Low-energy Antiproton ring. They can also be used for breaking down nasty elements in waste water or flue gases to protect the environment. Electrons or X-rays generated from particle accelerators also have a lot of industrial uses. They can be used to activate certain molecules in paint or composite fibres to make it dry faster, this process — called curing — is commonly used in cereal box printing or making aircraft parts.
Without curing, companies would need huge warehouses just for storing things while they dried out. They can also be used to change the colour of gemstones , for example an accelerator turns the naturally colourless or brown topaz into the nice blue colour normally associated with it.
Particle accelerators are also used to implant ions in semiconductors to tailor their behaviour in electronics, such as mobile phone chips. One common use for particle accelerators is cross-linking, where the particles are used to break polymer chains in a material so they recombine in a stronger configuration.
This is commonly used to make the plastic in electrical cables heat-resistant or to make shrink wrap for keeping your Christmas turkey fresh. Particle physics, also called high-energy physics, asks basic questions about the universe. With particle accelerators as their primary scientific tools, particle physicists have achieved a profound understanding of the fundamental particles and physical laws that govern matter, energy, space and time.
Over the last four decades, light sources -- accelerators producing photons, the subatomic particle responsible for electromagnetic radiation -- and the sciences that use them have made dramatic advances that cut across many fields of research. Today, there are now about 10, scientists in the United States using x-ray beams for research in physics and chemistry, biology and medicine, Earth sciences, and many more aspects of materials science and development. Worldwide, hundreds of industrial processes use particle accelerators -- from the manufacturing of computer chips to the cross-linking of plastic for shrink wrap and beyond.
Electron-beam applications center on the modification of material properties, such as the alteration of plastics, for surface treatment, and for pathogen destruction in medical sterilization and food irradiation. Ion-beam accelerators, which accelerate heavier particles, find extensive use in the semiconductor industry in chip manufacturing and in hardening the surfaces of materials such as those used in artificial joints.
Tens of millions of patients receive accelerator-based diagnoses and therapy each year in hospitals and clinics around the world. There are two primary roles for particle accelerators in medical applications: the production of radioisotopes for medical diagnosis and therapy, and as sources of beams of electrons, protons and heavier charged particles for medical treatment. The wide range of half-lives of radioisotopes and their differing radiation types allow optimization for specific applications.
Isotopes emitting x-rays, gamma rays or positrons can serve as diagnostic probes, with instruments located outside the patient to image radiation distribution and thus the biological structures and fluid motion or constriction blood flow, for example. During their journey, magnets guide the particles around the bends in the accelerator and keep them on course. If the turns are too tight or the magnets are too weak, the particles will eventually fly off course.
So if we want to look deeper into matter and further back toward the start of the universe, we have to go higher in energy, which means we need more powerful tools. One option is to build larger accelerators—linear accelerators hundreds of miles long or giant circular accelerators with long, mellow turns. We can also invest in our technology. We can develop accelerating structure techniques to rapidly and effectively accelerate particles in linear accelerators over a short distance.
We can also design and build incredibly strong magnets—stronger than anything that exists today—that can bend ultra-high energy particles around the turns in circular accelerators.
0コメント